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The purpose of this paper is to describe how fabricate solar cell based‐on porous silicon (PS) prepared by electrochemical etching process is fabricated and the effect of porosity layer on the solar cell performance is investigated.

The techniques used include SiO₂ thermal oxidation, ZnO/TiO₂ sputtering deposition and PS prepared by electrochemical etching. Surface morphology and structural properties of porous Si were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy measurements were also performed at room temperature. Current‐voltage measurements of the fabricated solar cell were taken under 80 mW/cm² illumination conditions. Optical reflectance was obtained by using optical reflectometer (Filmetrics‐F20).

Pore diameter and microstructure are dependent on anodization condition such as HF: ethanol concentration, duration time, temperature, and current density. On other hand, a much more homogeneous and uniform distribution of pores is obtained when compared with other wafer prepared with different electrolyte composition.

PS is found to be an excellent anti‐reflection coating against incident light when it is compared with another anti‐reflection coating and exhibits good light‐trapping of a wide wavelength spectrum which produce high efficiency solar cells (11.23 per cent).

The authors have prepared the triazole film on copper surface by click reaction and explored its inhibition mechanism.

The protective film is assembled by immersing bronze in solution containing p-toluenesulfonyl azide (TA) and propiolic acid (PA).

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicates that triazole (TTP) film was formed on bronze surface via click chemistry reaction between TA and PA. It shows TTP film has a good protection for bronze in the atmospheric environment simulation solution. Quantum chemical calculation (QC) and molecule dynamics simulation suggests TTP molecule adsorbs on bronze surface via N and O.

This is beneficial to develop the corrosion inhibitors for the corroded copper alloys.

Purpose – The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the complex interplay between the media, school shootings and society from the perspective of mediatization of the victim. In mediatization of the victim, the media, in a crisis, plays a key role in connecting people, disseminating information, compiling a security-related picture and providing for potential new emergencies.

Design/approach – The chapter draws on Winfried Schulz's (2004) typology for the analysis of mediatization of the victim in the multidimensional manner. It examines how mediatization works in practice by applying Schulz's typology in the analysis of the two school shootings in Finland in Jokela in 2007 and in Kauhajoki in 2008. The empirical material consists of interviews with police, state and municipal officials and people from non-governmental organizations. Media materials (electronic and print) were collected from the major Finnish media houses and several state and community official web sites.

Findings – The chapter argues that the media shapes the construction of the victim in the process of mediatization and makes the role of victim and witness both central and ambiguous. The chapter concludes by drawing upon the work of French sociologist Luc Boltanski (1999) on morality, media and politics as it identifies the ways in which mediatization engages the affective potential of the spectator and evokes a specific disposition to act upon the suffering, thus, creating a moralizing effect on the spectator.

Originality/value – The chapter produces new theoretical and empirical knowledge on the complex interplay between the media, school shootings and society by discussing it from the perspective of the victim. Consequently, it contributes in deepening our understanding of the process of mediatization and the place of the victim in it in the case of violent crisis such as school shootings.

In this paper we will try to reach a twofold goal. First we will give an analysis of mathematical terminology in order to give practical hints for assigning subject headings to a book. Secondly, we will propose a method which could be helpful for the subject analysis of a given document. The main basis for this method is the connection between a special classification scheme, the Subject Classification Scheme of the American Mathematical Society, and the task of indexing books by subject headings. Examples of this method are given, and they are compared with Library of Congress Subject Headings and PRECIS entries. With both the study of the terminology and the proposed method, it should be possible to increase quality and consistency of the library indexing results for mathematical books. A thesaurus for mathematics with entries along the lines of the PRECIS rules and connected with the subject classification scheme of the American Mathematical Society, would be desirable, as would the printing of appropriate classification data, assigned to them by their authors, inside the books.

This study seeks to contribute to the relatively sparse literature on how emerging market firms (EMFs) acquire firm-specific advantages (FSA), how they adjust their organizational structures, processes, HR policies, leadership and cultures in the internationalization process, and how they interact with their domestic institutional context.

We report the results of a survey sent off to the most internationalized Indian firms, measured by foreign income. Our survey includes 26 variables measuring individual aspects of organizational innovation.

Our respondents report significant changes along all 26 organizational variables over the period investigated (2003–2008). Based on self-reported assessments by top managers, our findings suggest: first, that Indian firms are rapidly transforming their organizations, second, that Indian executives are increasingly confident that they will be able to compete successfully on an international scale, and third, that Indian firms may increasingly benefit from organizational innovation complementing their low cost advantages.

First, our sample size is relatively small at 76. Second, the ratings on the organizational variables we studied are based on self-reporting. Finally, our survey especially captures developments at the largest and most international Indian companies.

With its organization-wide scope of analysis, our study may guide EMF managers looking at organizational innovation in the internationalization context.

This paper elucidates the interplay of Indian firms’ internationalization and organizational innovation.

To describe the development and structure of a new Master's‐level subject entitled “Aspects of sustainability: an international perspective” as a potential model, adoptable by other tertiary‐level educators.

This paper describes the evolution and re‐shaping of a subject designed for postgraduate students from diverse programmes (from science‐based to sociology‐based). It was re‐designed in 2004, in part to support the co‐introduction by Lincoln University of two new, globally innovative Masters degrees, but also as a contribution to the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD, 2005‐2014). The two new degrees are taught and awarded jointly by Lincoln University and a partner European University, and thus are based on unique Northern‐Southern hemisphere linkages. We describe the subject content (including its major assignment), and its evaluations by students.

A successful subject has been developed, but it required a step change in its structure in order to (a) retain connectedness and common themes across its wide‐ranging topics, and (b) meet the expectations and aspirations of multi‐disciplinary, multi‐national classes.

This paper details the key ingredients of a subject designed to prepare postgraduate students for careers involving sustainability at international or regional level. The subject's structure is a potential model for adoption in other tertiary programmes.

The subject's structure is highly appropriate for a multi‐disciplinary, multi‐national student group, and demonstrates one university's efforts to contribute to DESD. The format of the main assignment is offered as a model for adoption by others engaged in education for sustainability.

The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the link between diversity in project teams and team performance by examining the effects of players’ international career diversity on the performance of national football teams.

The paper draws upon the literature on project organizations and experiential diversity in teams. Using data on players’ international career backgrounds and team performance from the FIFA World Cup 2006, the authors test two hypotheses linking experiential diversity in teams and a measure of relative team performance. The dataset includes detailed individual background profiles of the 736 participating players and performance data from the 64 games played at the tournament.

The findings suggest that different types of experiential diversity have contrasting effects on team performance in a time‐limited project team setting.

These findings encourage team diversity researchers to further examine the impact of experiential diversity in teams on team process and performance outcomes in future research.

The findings particularly highlight the need to carefully manage experiential diversity in project team settings in order to benefit from access to diverse tacit resources, while at the same time avoiding that the integrative capacities of teams becoming overstretched.

The paper is a step towards a better understanding of how diversity of individual career backgrounds affects team performance outcomes in project teams.

This paper contributes to the debate about the performance implications of adopting a regional as opposed to a global strategic posture. The aim of this paper is to argue that the performance effects of a regionalization strategy vary based on the characteristics of the industry in which the MNE operates and the composition of its top management team (TMT).

This analysis is based on a cross‐sectional dataset of 211 large European MNEs headquartered in four Western European economies at the end of 2005.

Results show that firms adopting a regional orientation outperform MNEs with global strategic positioning. This positive relationship is less pronounced under conditions of industry dynamism and inter‐regional TMT diversity.

The study contributes to our understanding of whether and under what conditions MNEs benefit from adopting a regional as opposed to a global strategic posture.

Although Norbert Wiener is justifiably granted the epithet “father of cybernetics”, a number of other engineers from a control or telecommunications background also turned to areas that can broadly be categorised as cybernetic during and immediately after WW2. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of some of these lesser‐known technologist contributors to the emerging ideas of cybernetics.

The paper is based on primary and secondary literature, as well as two interviews from the early 1990s.

In Germany, Hermann Schmidt, Chair of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German Engineers) committee on control engineering (established in 1939) gave a talk on control engineering and its relationship with economics, social sciences and cultural aspects as early as October 1940. Winfried Oppelt, another member of the committee, also researched non‐technological applications of control ideas in his subsequent career (economics, biology), as did the communications engineer Karl Küpfmüller (pharmacokinetics, models of the human nervous system). In the UK, Arnold Tustin developed a mathematical model of a human gun operator during the war, and then applied control ideas to economic systems from the mid‐1940s.

The material presented here is not well‐known even within the control and communications engineering sectors, and is largely absent from histories of cybernetics – at least those in the English language.